河北省2001-2013年长爪沙鼠疫源地长爪沙鼠密度相关因素分析

目的 探讨2001-2013年河北省长爪沙鼠疫源地长爪沙鼠密度在不同年份、月份和生境上的分布及其相互间关系。方法 对2001-2013年河北省国家级和省级两个长爪沙鼠疫源地相关长爪沙鼠监测数据进行分析;以年为观察单位,定义鼠密度≥1.00只/公顷时为高危年组、0.20～1.00只/公顷时为预警年组、≤0.20只/公顷时为标准年组,采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验按年份组比较长爪沙鼠生境、月份分布的差异,并对这些变量进行多重对应分析。结果 2001-2005年河北省长爪沙鼠疫源地连续5年长爪沙鼠密度>1.00只/公顷,2005年之后长爪沙鼠密度呈下降趋势,但2008和2013两年长爪沙鼠密度在0.20～1.00只/公顷之间。生境分布分析显示,3个年份组的不同生境长爪沙鼠密度分布均不同,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,3组鼠密度M均为耕地最高,而高危年的荒地极大值最高,为20.50只/公顷。月份分布显示,高危年和标准年的不同月份鼠密度分布不同,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而预警年鼠密度月份分布差异无统计学意义。多重对应分析可见动物鼠疫高危年与荒地、4月份和6月份有较强聚集;预警年与耕地、7月份有关联。结论 河北省长爪沙鼠疫源地长爪沙鼠鼠密度>1.00只/公顷时提示动物鼠疫流行的危险性增加。应根据长爪沙鼠的分布特点,对耕地和荒地以及4和6月份加强监测,防止动物鼠疫的流行。     

新疆子午沙鼠尿液采集方法的建立及尿液部分生化指标的测定

目的 建立子午沙鼠尿液采集方法,测定分析野生子午沙鼠尿液部分生化和电解质指标,并与SD大鼠尿液生化指标进行比较.方法 在实验室内适应性饲养野生子午沙鼠3个月,采用自制尿液收集装置采集40只子午沙鼠和40只SD大鼠24 h尿液,用于尿液部分生化与电解质指标测定.结果 自制装置可成功收集子午沙鼠和SD大鼠24 h尿液.子午沙鼠24 h的尿液量为3 ～ 3.5 mL,1.5月龄SD大鼠为8～ 10 mL.肉眼观察,子午沙鼠和SD大鼠的尿液多为黄色、透明、有氨味.子午沙鼠尿液pH为7.80±0.40;尿比重为1.011±0.005;SD大鼠尿液相应数值为7.12±0.03和1.018±0.003.子午沙鼠和SD大鼠的生化指标大多为阴性,但有个别动物样本有不同程度的阳性.子午沙鼠尿液电解质指标在捕获地区间和性别间均未见明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 本文建立的尿液采集方法和测定结果为子午沙鼠实验动物化和相关研究提供基础资料.     

Ischemia-induced degeneration of CA1 pyramidal cells decreases seizure severity in a subgroup of epileptic gerbils and affects parvalbumin immunoreactivity of CA1 interneurons

Mongolian gerbils are epilepsy-prone animals. In adult gerbils two major groups can be differentiated according to their seizure behavior: Highly seizure-sensitive gerbils exhibit facial and forelimb clonus or generalized tonic-clonic seizures from the first test on, while kindled-like gerbils are seizure free for the first three to six consecutive tests, later develop forelimb myoclonus, and eventually progress to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. In the hippocampus, seizure history of the individual animal is mirrored in the intensity in which GABAergic neurons are immunostained for the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin: they lose parvalbumin with increasing seizure incidence. In a first step to clarify the influence of hippocampal projection neurons on spontaneous seizure behavior and related parvalbumin expression, we induced degeneration of the CA1 pyramidal cells by transient forebrain ischemia. This results in a decreased seizure sensitivity in highly seizure-sensitive gerbils. The kindling-like process, however, is not permanently blocked by the ischemic nerve cell loss, suggesting that an intact CA1 field is not a prerequisite for the development of seizure behavior. The seizure-induced loss of parvalbumin from the ischemia-resistant interneurons recovers after ischemia. Thus, changes in parvalbumin content brought about by repeated seizures are not permanent but can rather be modulated by novel stimuli.     

Ultrasonography in filaria-infected rodents: detection of adult Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia malayi filariae

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of adult filariae in rodents. Wuchereria bancrofti are frequently detected using USG in humans, whereas adult Brugia malayi have not been so far. METHODS: A Meriones unguiculatus with Litomosoides sigmodontis infection was examined to visualize adult filariae of a similar length as W. bancrofti. Similarly, three Mastomys coucha, infected with B. malayi, were examined using USG to verify whether the adult worms, which are far smaller than W. bancrofti and L. sigmodontis, can be located using USG in the animals. RESULTS: Adult L. sigmodontis were detected using USG in the pleural cavity of M. unguiculatus, and in M. coucha adult B. malayi were visualized in the hearts, lungs, axillary lymph nodes and scrotum. Ultrasound findings were verified by dissection of the rodents. CONCLUSIONS: Although adult B. malayi are far smaller than L. sigmodontis and W. bancrofti, they can be detected using USG in rodents. USG may serve as an adjunctive tool to support parasitological examinations and can add information on filarial infections at any time point of an observation period, particularly in cryptic infections and without the need for invasive measures or killing of the rodent. Thus, USG can support the early detection of macrofilaricidal activities of new compounds and can be used to determine the location of adult worms in the animals. It is possible to give a rough estimate of the number of adult worms, but determination of the exact numbers of adult filariae in various locations is impossible with USG.     

室温与光照对子午沙鼠和灰仓鼠繁殖的影响

观察了长光照周期（明１６ｈ∶暗８ｈ）和短光照周期（明９～１２．５ｈ∶暗１５～１１．５ｈ）及常温（１５～２０℃）和低温（１０～１４℃）对子午沙鼠和灰仓鼠在室内繁殖的影响。结果表明,子午沙鼠和灰仓鼠均属长光照周期型鼠种,在长光照周期时提高气温有加速雄体睾丸下降的作用,分别需要经４３ｄ和２１ｄ以上的刺激,交尾才有效。在短光照周期时,提高气温可刺激灰仓鼠睾丸下降并繁殖,刺激６０ｄ以上有的鼠交尾有效,但对子午沙鼠无此作用。     

长爪沙鼠对0.0025%氯敌鼠钠盐毒饵的致死食毒期检测

目的测定长爪沙鼠对0.0025%氯敌鼠钠盐毒饵的致死食毒期（LFP）。方法采用EPPO（欧洲及地中海植物保护组织）制定的基于LFP抗性检测方法。结果长爪沙鼠最低致死摄药量为6.3510mg/kg,最高存活摄药量为13.0230mg/kg。食毒期与其对应死亡率雌雄间差异有统计学意义（P=0.036）,其食毒期-死亡率Probit模型分别为Probit（p）=-2.65195＋0.79817x（P=0.901）和Probi（tp）=-5.62058＋2.16045x（P=0.999）。对于LFP50、LFP98和LFP99及其95%置信限（CI）,雌性长爪沙鼠分别为3.32253d（2.74004～3.95239）、5.89558d（4.93949～8.32331）和6.23711d（5.18450～8.95040）,雄性长爪沙鼠分别为2.60159d（2.21062～2.98934）、3.55220d（3.11584～5.02447）和3.67838d（3.20401～5.32658）。结论用0.0025%氯敌鼠钠盐毒饵对长爪沙鼠进行LFP抗性检测时,LFP98的95%CI上限取整数天数作为抗药性检测标准,摄食期存活雌鼠为8d,雄鼠为5d;若用LFP99的95%CI上限取整数天数作为抗药性检测标准,摄食期存活雌鼠为9d,雄鼠为5d。     

Study of retinal neurodegeneration and maculopathy in diabetic Meriones shawi: A particular animal model with human‐like macula

The purpose of this work was to evaluate a potentially useful animal model, Meriones shawi (M.sh)—developing metabolic X syndrome, diabetes and possessing a visual streak similar to human macula—in the study of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema (DME). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced by high fat diet administration in M.sh. Body weights, blood glucose levels were monitored throughout the study. Diabetic retinal histopathology was evaluated 3 and 7 months after diabetes induction. Retinal thickness was measured, retinal cell types were labeled by immunohistochemistry and the number of stained elements were quantified. Apoptosis was determined with TUNEL assay. T2D induced progressive changes in retinal histology. A significant decrease of retinal thickness and glial reactivity was observed without an increase in apoptosis rate. Photoreceptor outer segment degeneration was evident, with a significant decrease in the number of all cones and M‐cone subtype, but—surprisingly—an increase in S‐cones. Damage of the pigment epithelium was also confirmed. A decrease in the number and labeling intensity of parvalbumin‐ and calretinin‐positive amacrine cells and a loss of ganglion cells was detected. Other cell types showed no evident alterations. No DME‐like condition was noticed even after 7 months. M.sh could be a useful model to study the evolution of diabetic retinal pathology and to identify the role of hypertension and dyslipidemia in the development of the reported alterations. Longer follow up would be needed to evaluate the potential use of the visual streak in modeling human macular diseases.     

内蒙古多囊蚴,Polycystia neimonguensis spnov新种记述

1999年夏天在内蒙古东北部呼伦贝尔草原的一只长爪沙鼠 (Merionesunguiculatus)肝脏发现一早期的多囊棘球蚴 (polycysticechinococcus)。布满小泡囊的条状虫体其基部牢固地着生在鼠肝脏组织上 ,其余部分游离在鼠肝表面 ,经切片观察其结构系属多囊棘球蚴特征。虫体含外生泡囊 (exogenousvesicles)和内生泡囊 (endogenousvesicles)芽体。各外生泡囊是从虫体胚组织向体外生长出来 ,泡囊间的胚组织中布满PAS阳性颗粒体 (granulesbodies)和内生泡囊芽体 ,在芽体基部具有环状透明层状膜 (laminatedmenbrane)的结构 ;各外生泡囊内壁中也有颗粒和具层状膜的芽体。内蒙古的多囊棘球蚴结构与南美洲的福氏棘球绦虫 (Echinococusvogeli)的多囊棘球蚴相似但不全相同 ,兹暂定名为内蒙古多囊蚴 (Polycystianeimonguensissp nov ) ,该虫是此类人兽共患寄生虫病原在我国的首次发现。     

陕西省定边县鼠疫疫区革螨调查研究

目的调查定边县鼠疫疫区革螨种群构成,为进一步研究革螨在传播和保存鼠疫菌中的作用提供基础资料。方法鼠体螨采集法、窝巢螨采集法。采集的革螨用霍氏液封片,制成革螨玻片标本,光学显微镜下鉴定螨种。结果共收集革螨3科5属6种463只,北野血革螨占检获总数的40.6%,格血厉螨占33.0%,仓鼠真厉螨占24.8%;其它为少量宫卵巨螯螨、褪色巨螯螨和阿尔及利亚厉螨。捕鼠859只,挖巢135个。长爪沙鼠为主要宿主动物,占总捕鼠数的90.9%。长爪沙鼠鼠体带螨率7.3%,窝巢带螨率23.7%。收集的革螨绝大多数为雌性个体。结论主要鼠种寄生革螨种类少,群落结构简单。北野血革螨、格血厉螨、仓鼠真厉螨为长爪沙鼠寄生的优势螨种。     

棘球蚴感染长爪沙鼠诱发过敏反应的实验观察

[目的 ]观察棘球蚴感染长爪沙鼠诱发的过敏反应。 [方法 ]取 5 6只及 48只长爪沙鼠 ,分别腹腔接种感染细粒棘球蚴 E.g.及泡状棘球蚴 E.m.,3个月后分别用羊源新鲜囊液、羊源 E.g.粗制囊液抗原及沙鼠 E.m.抗原经腹腔注射攻击 ,观察其过敏反应。在攻击发敏前后 ,检测 Ig E抗体水平和嗜酸性粒细胞直接计数 (directeosinophilic leukocyte count,DEL C)。 [结果 ]沙鼠 E.g.和 E.m.感染率分别为 89.3%和 97.9%。各组过敏反应发生率最低为 6 2 .5 % ,最高为 10 0 %。过敏性休克发生率最低为 12 .5 % ,最高为 12 .7%。沙鼠感染 E.g.和 E.m.后 ,Ig E抗体和 DEL C水平逐渐增高 ,但攻击发敏后 Ig E抗体水平显著降低 ,DEL C显著增多。 [结论 ]E.g.和 E.m.感染沙鼠后 ,采用不同抗原攻击均可出现过敏反应或休克 ;不同抗原引起过敏反应的发生率和程度不同 ,但在感染E.g.与 E.m.沙鼠之间无显著性差异。